In this paper, a new class of estimators namely Constrained Bayes Estimators are obtained under Balanced Loss Function (BLF) and Weighted Balanced Loss Function (WBLF) using a "Bayesian solution". The Constrained Bayes Estimators are calculated for the natural parameter of one-parameter exponential families of distributions. A common approach to the prior uncertainty in Bayesian analysis is to choose a class r of prior distributions and look for an optimal decision within the class r. This is known as robust Bayesian methodology. Among several methods of choosing the optimal rules in the context of robust Bayes method, we discuss obtaining Posterior Regret Constrained Gamma-Minimax (PRCGM) rule under Squared Error Loss and then employing the "Bayesian solution", we obtain the optimal rules under BLF and WBLF.

Purpose: To report visual and anatomical outcome of flap loss after LASIK surgery for correction of high myopia. Materials & Methods: Retrospective evaluation of flap loss in two eyes of two patients, a rare complication of LASIK Surgery. Case No. 1: 27 y/o woman with Ref. OD -9.75; 2.75*177 VA. CC: 20/60 KR OD: 41.86*77 39.86 * 168 & partial amblyopia due to anisometropia. Case No. 2: 38 y/o woman with Ref OD. -9.50 1.0*177 VA CC: 20/30 KR OD: 42.06*77 40.99 * 167. Results: In both patients during LASIK surgery free cap complication occurred and after Laser therapy free cap positioned over the stromal bed, but the next day after operation flaps were lost. For case NO.1only medical management performed and after 4.5 years F/U cornea has 2° central haziness. For case NO.2 another corneal flap from donor globe cut and sutured with Nylon 10/0 and after 18 months F/U cornea is clear. Conclusion: In patients with flat keratometry less than 41.0 Diopter rate of free cap are high and after laser therapy for high myopia the keratometry became more flat. If surgeon doesn't suture flap the rate of flap loss increase so for prevent of corneal haziness and corneal ectazia this evaluation suppose to perform donor corneal flap graft.      

Improving participation in voluntary activities in Iran is important because increasing productivity among young people, given the country's young population, contributes to community sustainability. Therefore, a better understanding of volunteer motivation in Iranian youth is needed. The Volunteer Functions Inventory (VFI) for assessing volunteer motivations has good psychometric properties and is adapted to several languages, but no validated Iranian translation yet exists. The purpose of this study was to investigate the psychometric Characteristics of voluntary functions inventory in members of Iranian Red Crescent Society. Sample size was 595 members of Youth Organization of Iranian Red Crescent Society from 31 provinces and 175 cities of Iran that were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling method and responded to voluntary functions inventory. Data were collected using a demographic sample and voluntary functions inventory (VFI). Confirmatory factor analysis using principal components method was used for data analysis. The results of the present study showed that the voluntary functions inventory had validity and reliability. Also, the factor structure showed that 29 items and 6 factors well assess people's attitudes to volunteering, and the structure of this inventory was well-fitted and confirmed all goodness of fit models. The present study provides the use of the Iranian translation of the Voluntary Functions Inventory (6 scales and 29 items) to assess volunteer motivation among young Iranian volunteers.

In this paper, an alternative approach in operational modal analysis is presented, utilizing image processing technique and transmissibility functions. Imaging sensors do not impose additional mass on the structure due to their non-contact nature, while transmissibility functions, independent of excitation type, can directly extract mode shapes. The innovation of this research lies in combining these two techniques to record dynamic responses and identify modal properties. To capture the temporal response history from video signals, the block-matching method with sub-pixel accuracy was employed. Validation was conducted by recording the response of the tip of a cantilevered steel beam subjected to impact excitation, using a high-speed camera and a laser vibrometer, simultaneously. The RMSE plots in the time domain and the PSD in the frequency domain indicate high accuracy of this method. Using this approach, the displacement time histories of various points on the structure were extracted from the video signals, and the modal properties, including natural frequencies, damping ratios, and mode shapes, were identified using the transmissibility matrix method. The results obtained from the proposed method were compared with the stochastic subspace identification (SSI) method and analytical solutions. The findings reveal the accuracy of the modal identification approach introduced in this article. The highest relative error in estimating the natural frequencies of the first and second modes, compared to the values from the laser method, are 0.19% and 0.13%, respectively, and in comparison to the analytical values, they are 0.34% and 1.5%, respectively.

We focus on the problem of estimating the average vector $\text{\boldmath$\text{\boldmath$\theta$}$}= ( \theta_{1} ,\ldots,\theta_{d} )$ of a random vector $\mathbf{X} \in \mathbb{R}^{d }$ which follows a spherically symmetric distribution. We consider modified balanced loss functions of the form:\\$ \textbf{(i)}\ \ L_{\omega,\text{\boldmath$\text{\boldmath$\delta$}$}_0,\rho}(\text{\boldmath$\text{\boldmath$\delta$}$},\text{\boldmath$\text{\boldmath$\theta$}$})=\omega \rho(\|\text{\boldmath$\text{\boldmath$\delta$}$} - \text{\boldmath$\text{\boldmath$\delta$}$}_ {0 }\|^{2}) +(1-\omega)\rho(\|\text{\boldmath$\text{\boldmath$\delta$}$} - \text{\boldmath$\text{\boldmath$\theta$}$}\|^{2})\ \hbox{ and } \ \textbf{(ii)}\ \ \ell(\omega \ \|\text{\boldmath$\text{\boldmath$\delta$}$} - \text{\boldmath$\text{\boldmath$\delta$}$}_{0}\|^{2} +(1-\omega)\|\text{\boldmath$\text{\boldmath$\delta$}$}- \text{\boldmath$\text{\boldmath$\theta$}$}\|^{2}). $Here, $\text{\boldmath$\text{\boldmath$\delta$}$}_{0}$ represents a target estimator of $\text{\boldmath$\text{\boldmath$\theta$}$}$, $\omega \in [0,1]$ and $\rho$ and $\ell$ are increasing and concave functions. If $d \geq 4$ and the target estimator is $\text{\boldmath$\text{\boldmath$\delta$}$}_{0}(\mathbf{X})=\mathbf{X}$, we provide conditions on the parameter $a$ for Baranchik type estimators $\text{\boldmath$\text{\boldmath$\delta$}$}_{a,S} (\mathbf{X}) =\left(1-a(1-\omega) S(\| \mathbf{X}\|^2)/\|\mathbf{\mathbf{X}}\|^{2} \right)\mathbf{X}$ and reach the minimaxity. These conditions are derived using the radial properties of spherically symmetric distributions, which do not require the existence of a probability density for the random vector $\mathbf{X}$. Furthermore, we extend the obtained results to the case of robust shrinkage estimators of the form $\text{\boldmath$\delta$}_{\omega,g}(\mathbf{X})=\mathbf{X} + a(1-\omega)g(\mathbf{X})$, where $g(\cdot)$ is a weakly differentiable and satisfying some conditions. Additionally, we conduct a simulation study in order to show the effectiveness and the usefulness of the obtained results.

In this paper, we introduce a new sampling plan based on the defective proportion of batch. The proposed sampling plan is based on the distribution function of the proportion defective. A continuous loss function is used to quantify deviations between the proportion defective and its acceptance quality level (AQL). For practical purpose, a sensitivity analysis is carried out on the different values of the required sample sizes that allow practitioners to design near optimal inspection plans. A numerical example is presented to illustrate how the proposed procedure can be applied to design acceptance plans.

Multiple attribute decision making (MADM) methods are very much essential in all fields of engineering, management and other areas where limited alternatives exist and the decision maker has to select the best alternative. Different methods are available in the literature to tackle the MADM problems. The MADM problems are classified as scoring methods, compromising methods and concordance methods. The concordance methods are difficult to understand compared to scoring and compromising methods. Present work introduces a simple-to-understand and easy-to-convince method for multiple attribute decision making problems. This method is based on the philosophy of both scoring and comprising methods and relies on the loss for not choosing the ideal best alternative. Different loss functions such as linear, quadratic and cubic functions have been proposed to calculate the loss. Example problems have been taken from the literature and the proposed method is implemented. Besides the simplicity of the proposed method, the results obtained are found to be in close agreement with rather difficult methods.

Floods in urban areas are always associated with casualties and economic losses. While estimating the amount of flood loss for all contents of a residential building is very important, the existing models only estimate the amount of direct damage caused to the building structure and then, the damage caused to the movable content of the building is assessed as a percentage of the damage to the structure. Considering the inaccuracy of the existing models and since no research has been done in Iran on that, in this research, determining the amount of direct loss of the contents of residential buildings, both movable and immovable, has been considered in full detail. The study was carried out in five neighborhoods with various economic levels in Rasht City, and through a questionnaire filled by 381 people living in the study area, the value of the household items and appliances were evaluated at the current price. Finally, the flood depth-loss curves for all movable and immovable items were presented and the results were compared with the results obtained from the loss functions used in other countries. The average loss calculated by the developed model was lower than the global models up to a depth of one meter and higher from this depth onwards. This indicates the need to produce loss functions caused by urban flooding at the national level. The method used in this research and the developed dimensionless loss functions are recommended for many similar urban areas in Iran.

Purpose: Report a case of iatrogenic medial rectus loss in exotropia surgery and its management with review literature.Case Report: A 14-year-old female with a history of cerebral palsy and left exotropia underwent strabismus surgery in another center when she was 7 years old. As her surgeon reported, after 8 mm medial rectus resection, it was lost and he could not retrieve it; so, to balance the forces of adduction and abduction, the surgeon disinserted left lateral rectus, but 2 months later, because of large angle exotropia and severe limitation in adduction, she was referred to this center. We explored the area and could not find the lost medial rectus; so, half tendon transposition of superior rectus and inferior rectus to the previous insertion site of medial rectus was performed and left lateral rectus was fixated to the lateral orbital periosteum. Two months after the operation, she was orthotropic and ocular movements were significantly balanced.Conclusion: Half tendon transposition of vertical recti to the site of lost medial rectus associated with periosteal fixation of lateral rectus can improve the strabismus of lost medial rectus muscle.